FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security

FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security A Self-Versatile FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security A Research Report for the DSCI 60998 Capstone Project in Digital Sciences Course Vamsi Krishna Chanupati Ramya Ganguri Kent State University Fall Semester, 2016 Abstract Wireless communication networks are subjected to vulnerable attacks. The extent of attacks is rising day by day. The proposed work shows the extent of attacks growing in every-day life and a counter method to minimize the extent of these vulnerable attacks. Several studies shows that new and more stable security methods need to be developed by considering information safety, confidentiality, authentication and non-repudiation in the wireless sensor networks. The proposed study shows a self-adoptable FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security using application-independent core process IP, UDP and TCP protocols as well as ARP and ICMP message plots. The altered quickened figure outline utilizes information subordinate changes, and can be utilized for quick equipment, firmware, programming and WSN encryption frameworks. The approach exhibited demonstrated that figures utilizing this approach are more averse to endure interruption of differential cryptanalysis than as of now utili zed famous WSN figures like DES, Camellia. In this report an overview of existing FPGA algorithms for application level network security is examined and a new FPGA algorithm is proposed. Keywords: FPGA, WSN encryption, computer aided systems design. Introduction The Purpose of the Study (Statement of the Problem) With the developing dependence of business, government, and additionally private clients  on the Web, the interest for fast information exchange has swelled. On a specialized level, this  has been accomplished by enhanced transmission advancements: 10 Gb/s Ethernet is now in  across the board reasonable use at the ISP and server farm levels, gauges for 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s speeds have as of now been figured. The information volume exchanged at these velocities introduces a huge test to current efforts to establish safety, particularly while going past straightforward firewalls and additionally considering payload assessment, or even application- level conventions. Wireless Sensor Networks are most pre-dominant with this speeds and it is very difficult for customary programmable processors are to stay aware of these speeds. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a gathering of spatially dispersed, free gadgets that gather information by measuring the physical or ecological conditions. A portion of the conditions are being measured is temperature, weight, dampness, sound, position, lighting, and use data. These readings, as information, are gone through the network, are ordered and sorted out, and later it is conveyed to end client. WSNs are utilized for some applications like power framework controls, modern process checking and control, human wellbeing observing. Generally, these WSNs tend to require a considerable measure of energy to work, yet diminishing the power is needed for the framework, It builds the lifespan of the sensor gadgets and also leaving space for the battery-fueled applications. As an option, both programming customized committed system handling units and equipment quickening agents for these operations have been proposed. The utilization of reconfigurable rationale for the last permits more noteworthy adaptability than hardwiring the usefulness, while yet permitting full-speed operation. This research gives a detailed description of present day FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and examines the extent of security level standards in the existing FPGA algorithms. The proposed research study has free key preprocessing which gives elite in regular keys trade. The prime objective of this research is to design an application level network security algorithm using FPGA. This research incorporates the study of various possible threats and vulnerable attacks in wireless communications networks and their effects. It includes the detailed study of design and implementation of application level network security algorithms on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) The Justification/Significance of the Study This research proposes a self-adoptable FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security for application level wireless network security. A lot of research is required on wireless network security, to improve the performance efficiency and to make the system smart. The research on the latest trending technologies, and a proposed solution to a problem will be carried out in this project, hence it is justified. This research study is a part of huge project, which involves the use of FPGA for network security. The basic design of the proposed research remains the same although the scale of the projects varies. The study will include the research in FPGA algorithm development WSN encryption and computer aided systems design. Different views on the technology design, its applications and implementation will be presented in the research report. This research also adds to current research going on in field of the application level wireless network security, Data encryption and crypto-analysis. The Research Objectives The objectives of this research are Wireless level networks and analysis of security issues This step involves the study of the existing techniques in wireless network security. The research of the existing literature reveals that the wireless sensor network security techniques have been proposed for network security by some researchers and the existing models does not consider the use of feistel ciphers in the research. Design of the algorithm model The model to be proposed uses self-adoptable FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) for application level network security. A new FPGA based algorithm is designed in order to decrease the extent of attacks in application level network security. It shows that new and more stable security algorithms need to be developed to provide information safety and confidentiality in the networks. This is useful in minimizing the vulnerable attacks in application level networks. There are several other indirect applications of the model to be proposed. Literature Review A survey on FPGA for network security that was presented by Muhlbach (2010) depicts an execution of an intrusion detection system (IDS) on a FPGA for network security. Various studies have analyzed string-coordinating circuits for IDS. A strategy for producing a string based coordinating circuit that has expandability of handling information width and radically lessened asset prerequisites. This circuit is used for packet filtering for an intrusion protection system (IPS). An apparatus for consequently creating the Verilog HDL source code of the IDS circuit from rules set is developed, utilizing the FPGA and the IDS circuit generator, this framework can redesign the coordinating origin relating to new interruptions and attacks. The IDS circuit on a FPGA board has been assessed and its exactness and throughput is calculated. There are various methods, which depicts the usage of Simple Network Intrusion Detection System (SNIDS) detailed explanation is given by Flynn, A (2009), basic equipment arrange interruption recognition framework focusing on FPGA gadgets. SNIDS snoops the activity on the transport interfacing the processor to the Ethernet fringe center and identifies the Ethernet outlines that match a predefined set of examples demonstrating malevolent or refused content. SNIDS depends on an as of late proposed engineering for high-throughput string coordinating. This method executes the SNIDS utilizing the Xilinx CAD (Computer Aided Design) devices and tests its operation on a FPGA gadget. Moreover, programming instruments that empower programmed era of a SNIDS center coordinating a predefined set of examples. They exhibit the utilization of SNIDS inside a practical FPGA framework on a chip associated with a little system. Chan et al. exhibited that the PIKE plans include lower memory stockpiling necessities than arbitrary key circulation while requiring practically identical correspondence overheads. PIKE is as of now the main symmetric-key predistribution plot which scales sub-straightly in both correspondences overhead per hub and memory overhead per hub while being flexible to an enemy fit for undetected hub bargain. PIKE appreciates a uniform correspondence design for key foundation, which is difficult to irritate for an assailant. The dispersed way of PIKE likewise does not give a solitary purpose of inability to assault, giving versatility against focused assaults. There are certain challenges to be overcome while designing an FPGA algorithm for application level network security, a detailed explanation and analyses is given in (Koch Cho., 2007). The first and difficult challenge is designing an FPGA based algorithm for network security. The system to handle and analyze such data should be super-fast and compatible. The existing hardware is able to do many operations to handle the data; however, special computing systems should be designed to process larger data in shorter time. Another challenge in this area is to secure the data that is generated by multiple sources of different nature. The data needs to be processed before analyzing it for pattern discovery. The data generated is not necessarily complete because of different usage cases of the device. In addition, this feature is used to predict the events of a device and manage every other device and network connected to the device for efficiency, performance and reliability. Preparing abilities in wireless network hubs are ordinarily in view of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) or programmable microcontrollers. In any case, the utilization of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) gives particular equipment innovation, which can likewise be reprogrammable in this way giving a reconfigurable wireless network framework. The incomplete reconfiguration is the way toward altering just areas of the rationale that is executed in a FPGA. Accordingly, the comparing circuit can be adjusted to adjust its usefulness to perform diverse assignments. This adjustment ability permits the usage of complex applications by utilizing the fractional re-configurability with low power utilization. This last element additionally speaks to a critical perspective when FPGAs are connected in wireless network frameworks. These days, the wireless network frameworks are required to give an expanding exactness, determination, and accuracy while diminishing the size and utilization. Also , FPGAs and their fractional re-configurability permit us to furnish wireless network frameworks with extra properties like high security, preparing abilities, interfaces, testing, arrangement, and so on. The present capacities of FPGA designs permit not just execution of basic combinational and consecutive circuits, additionally the incorporation of abnormal state delicate processors. The utilization of incorporated processors holds numerous uncommon points of interest for the fashioner, including customization, out of date quality moderation, and segment and cost lessening and equipment increasing speed. FPGA implanted processors utilize FPGA rationale components to fabricate inside memory units, information and control transports, interior and outer fringe and memory controllers. Both Xilinx and Altera give FPGA gadgets that install physical center processors worked inside the FPGA chip. These sorts of processors are called hard processors. Such is the situation for the PowerPCà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 405 inside Virtex-4 FPGA gadgets from Xilinx and the ARM922Tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ inside Excalibur FPGA gadgets from Altera. Delicate processors are microchips whose design is completely constructed utilizing a hardware description language (HDL). The proposed research uses an efficient method of Self-adoptable FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security. Research Design Description of the Research Design Wireless communication is one of the latest and the revolutionary technology of the last decade. It intends to connect every device on the planet wirelessly. This number could be billions or even trillions. These communication networks have higher transmission speeds and capable of handling the entire load. Security of this wireless communication network plays an important role to keep it robust and yet flexible. Network security is a basic issue for the application of new technologies in every aspect of society and the economy. It is especially critical for e-exchanges, where it is an essential to provide security for the transactions. The future threats to network security are still severe. As per a Computer Security Institute (CSI) survey, companies reported average annual losses of the $168,000 in 2006 and $350,424 in 2007, up forcefully from (Hao Chen Yu Chen, 2010). This data reflects both the serious circumstance of system security, and also individuals accomplishment in this issue. Focused on attacks have turned into a pattern in system security. A focused attack is a malware targeted to a particular segment. Around 20% of the respondents of the CSI review endured this sort of security attacks are turning out to be more prominent than any time in recent time. Among the type of notorious target attacks, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is the most threatening system security. Since 2000, DoS attacks have become quickly and have been one of the significant dangers to the accessibility and unwavering quality of system based administrations. Securing the network infrastructure has turned into a high need because of its fundamental impacts for data protection, ecommerce and even national security (Hao Chen Yu Chen, 2010). Data security principally concentrates on information, data protection and encryption. The following are some of the Requirements for a Successful Security Application. Real-Time Protection: It is key for a powerful data instrument to process information at line-speed with moderate cost. All the data movement is subjected for examination in a convenient way, and alerts are produced precisely when unusual circumstances happen. Flexible Updating: Constantly developing malicious attacks require security answers for be versatile to hold viability. The redesign could be of the learning databases (marks) that the security examination relies on upon, another answer for determining, or even the framework itself. Redesigning an application will frequently be more functional than supplanting it practically speaking. Well Controlled Scalability. Scalability is another basic concern toward functional development. Numerous reported approaches function admirably on a little scale look into system, be that as it may, their execution weakens quickly when conveyed to down to earth scale systems, for example, grounds level systems on the other hand bigger. The principle purpose behind this is framework multifaceted nature for the most part increments at a much more noteworthy rate than the system. In contrast to programming executions, application oriented and very parallel plan standards make equipment usage prevalent as far as execution. For instance, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Stream Reassembly and State Tracking, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) could dissect a solitary TCP stream at 3.2Gbps in (M. Necker, D. Contis 2002). A FPGA-based TCP-processor created by Open Network Laboratory (ONL) was equipped for checking 8 million bidirectional TCP streams at OC-48 (2.5Gbps) information rate. ASIC-based gadgets not just have the upside of elite, accomplished through circuit plan committed to the errand, yet have the potential for low unit cost. Notwithstanding, generous cost alleviation from enormous non-repeating building venture must be accomplished when ASIC gadgets accomplish adequately high-volume creation. Shockingly, this may not be appropriate to network security applications. Steady developing guidelines and prerequisites make it unfeasible to manufacture ASIC-based system security applications at such a high volume. In addition, custom ASICs offer practically zero reconfigurability, which could be another reason that ASICs have not been generally connected in the system security zone. Reconfigurability is a key prerequisite for the accomplishment of equipment based system security applications and the accessibility of reconfigurable equipment has empowered the plan of equipment based security applications. A reconfigurable gadget could be considered as a hybrid equipment/programming stage since reconfigurability is utilized to stay up with the latest. FPGAs are the most illustrative reconfigurable equipment gadgets. A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a kind of broadly useful, multi-level programmable rationale gadget that can be customized. At the physical level, rationale squares and programmable interconnections make the principle structure out of a FPGA. A rationale square more often than not contains a 4- input look-into table (LUT) and a flip slump for essential rationale operations, while programmable interconnections between pieces permit clients to actualize multi-level rationale. At the plan level, a rationale circuit chart or a high level hardware description language (HDL), for example, VHDL or Verilog, is utilized for the programming that indicates how the chip ought to work. In the gadgets business it is imperative to achieve the market with new items in the briefest conceivable time and to lessen the monetary danger of executing new thoughts. FPGAs were immediately embraced for the prototyping of new rationale outlines not long after they were designed in the mid 1980s because of their one of a kind component of adaptability in equipment improvement. While the execution and size of FPGAs restricted their application in, thickness and speed have brought about narrowing the execution hole amongst FPGAs and ASICs empowering FPGAs to serve as quick prototyping devices as well as to wind up essential parts in installed networks. Description of the Subject Matter(and/or), Procedures, Tasks Current FPGAs share the execution favorable position of ASICs in light of the fact that they can execute parallel rationale works in equipment (Flynn, A., 2009). They additionally share a portion of the adaptability of implanted system processors in that they can be powerfully  reconfigured. The architecture of reconfigurable network platform, called Net Stage/DPR. The  application-free center uses IP, UDP and TCP conventions and additionally ARP and ICMP  messages. It has a hierarchical design plan that permits the quick expansion of new conventions  in modules at all layers of the systems administration.   From figure 1, Handlers are connected to the core by using two different shared buses  with a throughput of 20 Gb/s each, one for the transmit and one for the receive side. Buffers boost the different processing stages and limit the impact of Handler in the processing flow. The  interface between the buffers and the actual handlers acts as a boundary for using dynamic  partial reconfiguration to swap the handlers to and fro as required.   All handlers have the same coherent and physical interfaces to the center framework. The  physical interface comprises of the association with the buffers, strategic flags, for example,  clock and reset. However, the handlers communicate with the rest of the framework simply by  sending and accepting messages (not really relating to real system bundles). These messages  comprise of an inner control header (containing, e.g., charges or state information) and  (alternatively) the payload of a system bundle. In this form, the physical interface can stay  indistinguishable over all handlers, which significantly rearranges DPR. For a similar reason,  handlers ought to likewise be stateless and utilize the Global State Memory benefit by the Net  Stage center rather (state information will then simply turn out to be a piece of the messages).   This approach avoids the need to explicitly reestablish state when handlers are reconfigured.   Incoming packets must be routed to the fitting Handler. In any case, utilizing the Handler  may really be arranged onto diverse parts of the FPGA. In this manner, we require an element  routing table that coordinates the message encapsulated payloads to the suitable administration  module. Our routing table has the standard structure of coordinating convention, attachment, and  address/net mask information of an approaching bundle to discover the related Handler and it can  get information for a whole subnet. On the transmitting side, handlers store active messages into  their departure cushions, where they will be grabbed by the center for sending. This is done  utilizing a straightforward round-robin approach, yet more perplexing plans could, obviously, be  included as required. On the off chance that bundles are bound for a Handler with a full entrance  cradle, they will be disposed of. Nonetheless, since the greater part of our present handlers can work at any r ate at the line rate; this will not happen with amid standard operation. Bundles for  which a Handler is accessible disconnected (not yet arranged onto the gadget) will be checked  before being disposed of, in the long run bringing about arranging the Handler onto the FPGA.   This technique does not ensure the gathering of all bundles yet speaks to a decent tradeoff  between speed whats more, many-sided quality. In this case that no fitting Handler exists  bundles will be discharged immediately. From Figure 2, The system can perform the self-ruling of a host PC. A committed  equipment unit is utilized as Controller of an implanted delicate center processor, since the last  would not have the capacity to accomplish the high reconfiguration speeds. Since of the capacity  prerequisites the Handler bit streams are put away in an outside SDRAM memory, and sustained  into the on-chip arrangement get to port (ICAP) by utilizing quick exchanges. For effective  results, underlying execution requires isolate bit streams for each Handler, comparing to the  physical area of the in part reconfigurable regions. To this end, the SDRAM is composed in  groups, which hold various forms of every Handler, tended to by the Handler ID and the  objective Slot number. For more accurate implementation we set the group estimate to the  normal size of every Handlers bit stream. In a more refined execution, we could utilize a solitary  bit stream for every Handler, which would then be moved to the objective Slot at run-time, and  bit stream pressure strategies to encourage lessen its size. A rule based adjustment system is executed in the Adaptation Engine that deciphers  packets measurements. In particular, bundles at the attachment level got in a period interval.   These measurements are kept for packets for which a Handler is really accessible. The design  looks for quick run queries and insights upgrades (few cycles) not withstanding for high packet  rates (10 Gb/s, bundle estimate Since they depend on similar information structures, the Packet Forwarder and the  Adaptation Motor are acknowledged in a typical equipment module. It contains the rationale for  following insights, deciphering rules, and overseeing Handler-Slot assignments. Double ports  Block RAMs are utilized to understand the 1024-section Rule and 512-section Counter Tables.   Hence, queries to decide the Slot of the goal Handler for an approaching bundle can be  performed in parallel to the run administration whats more, counter procedures. For range  proficiency, the CAM is shared between the capacities. Be that as it may, since the throughput of  the framework is straightforwardly influenced by the Packet Forwarding execution, the  comparing opening steering queries will dependably have need while getting to the CAM. Since  the CAM is utilized quickly for every procedure, it wont turn into a bottleneck. The Packet  Forwarder rationale puts the goal Handler opening for an approaching parcel in the yield line.  The sending gaze upward is pipelined: by beginning the procedure when convention, IP address  and port number have been gotten, the looked-into goal opening will by and large be accessible  when it is really required (once the bundle has gone through the entire center convention  handling). Since parcels will be neither reordere d nor dropped some time recently the Handler  arrange, basic lines suffice for buffering look-into results here. Since not every approaching  parcel ought to be numbered (e.g., TCP ACKs ought to be disregarded), the Adaptation Engine  utilizes a different port to upgrade the Counter Table just for particular bundles. The Rule  Management subsystem acknowledges orders from the administration organize interface through  a different FIFO, and has an inward FIFO that monitors accessible line addresses in the Rule  Table. From Figure 3, The FPGA locales for every Slot have been measured to 1920 LUTs  (only twice as the normal module measure). All openings have rise to region about demonstrate   that module sizes are moderately close. This rearranges the adjustment handle, since else we  would need to play out different sweeps while selecting on-line/disconnected hopefuls (one for  each unique Slot measure class). The dynamic halfway reconfiguration times and the subsequent  number of conceivable reconfigurations every second for the ICAP recurrence of 100 MHz we  utilize. We demonstrate the times not just for the 1920 LUT Slots we have utilized additionally  for both littler and bigger decisions (the best size is application-subordinate). By and large, LUTs  are not rare while acknowledging bigger Slots; however the predetermined number of accessible  Block RAMs can oblige a plan to fewer than 16 Slots if a Slot requires committed Block RAMs.  Considering the total adjustment opera tion, the time required is ruled by the real reconfiguration  time, as ICAP throughput is the restricting figure. Every single different process is  fundamentally speedier. For instance, the procedure to look over every one of the 512 Counter  Table passages to locate the following competitors requires just around 3 µs at 156.25MHz clock  speed, an immaterial time relative to the reconfiguration time (Hori Y, Satoh.2008)   Possible Errors and Their Solutions The following are the possible errors accustomed in FPGA, tampering threats such as destructive analysis, over- and under-voltage analysis, and timing analysis. Using destructive analysis, each layer of the device is captured to determine its functionality. This process requires expensive equipment and expertise. Timing analysis and over- and under-voltage analysis do not require expensive equipment, but are error prone, so are less frequently used to reverse-engineer complex FPGA designs. Also, timing analysis on an FPGA is deterministic, so the time taken from input to output can be determined by passing a signal through a multiplexer. Findings Wireless communication is one of the latest and the revolutionary technology of the last decade. It intends to connect every device on the planet wirelessly. This number could be billions or even trillions. A Self Adoptable FPGA for application level network security is must in order to have effective network security (Sascha Andreas, 2014). Since they depend on similar information structures, it contains the rationale for following insights, deciphering rules, and overseeing Handler-Slot assignments. Block RAMs are utilized to understand the section Rule and section Counter Tables. This method has very low security and the security standards can be easily cracked. (Deng et al. R. Han, 2006) created INSENS, a protected and Intrusion tolerant routing algorithm for application level security in wireless Sensor Networks. Excess multipath routing enhances interruption resilience by bypassing malignant nodes. INSENS works effectively in the nearness of interlopers. To address asset requirements, calculation on the network nodes is offloaded to asset rich base stations, e.g. registering routing tables, while low-multifaceted nature security techniques are connected, e.g. symmetric key cryptography and one-way hash capacities. The extent of harm delivered by interlopers is further constrained by limiting flooding to the base station and by having the base station arrange its bundles utilizing one-way grouping numbers. (Kang et al. K. Liu 2006) investigated the issue of versatile network routing algorithm. Regardless of the possibility that area data is checked, nodes may in any case get into mischief, for instance, by sending an extreme number of packets or dropping packets. To powerfully maintain a strategic distance from un-trusted ways and keep on routing packets even within the sight of attacks, the proposed arrangement utilizes rate control, parcel planning, and probabilistic multipath routing joined with the trust-based course choice. They examined the proposed approach in detail, sketching out effective decisions by considering conceivable attacks. They analyzed the execution of their strong network routing protocol and its performance in various situations. Several algorithms are proposed by researchers in order to improve the efficiency of application level network security, every method has its own merits and demerits. A new method to improve the algorithmic efficiency has been proposed in this research by examining all the previous algorithms. Proposed method will be high efficient when it is related to the existing techniques. The new algorithm proposed uses spacecraft network standards of communications by upgrading the data transfer processing speed to higher performance speeds with the available standards. Analysis This research is concept based and discusses the feasibility of FPGA in application level wireless communication networks to enhance applications. This study reviews the existing literature thoroughly and also proposes the use of FPGA to be applied as the next version to the application level network security The model to be proposed uses self-adoptable FPGA for application level network security. A new FPGA based algorithm is designed in order to decrease the extent of attacks in application level network security. It shows that new and more stable security algorithms need to be developed to provide information safety and confidentiality in the networks. This is useful in minimizing the vulnerable attacks in application level networks. The applications of the proposed model are infinite. FPGA intends to strong network security. Therefore, these are not specific to any field or application. There are different classifications of the applications. These classifications are required for better understanding and not necessarily research requirements. These are useful to the users in a way that increases the extent of safety and security of data in wireless data transmission. The performance analysis in network security is determined based of the extent of vulnerable attacks. The proposed algorithm is not tested further research is required for implementing this algorithm in a real time platform. Conclusions Restatement of the Problem With the developing dependence of business, government, and additionally priv

The Philippine National Police

Philippine National Police ( PNP ) The Philippine National Police or PNP is the national police force of the Republic of the Philippines with a manpower strength of 113,928 as of end-July 2007. It provides law enforcement services through its regional, provincial, municipal, district and local police units all over the islands. Created by virtue of Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the â€Å"Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990†³, the PNP came into being on January 29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, when the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired as mandated by law.Vision The Men and Women of the PNP are committed to a vision of a professional, dynamic and highly motivated Philippine National Police working in partnership with a responsive community towards the attainment of a safe place to live, work, invest and do business with. Mission To enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to maintain peace and order , and to ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the community. Functions 1. Law Enforcement. 2. Maintain peace and order. 3. Prevents and investigates crimes and bring offenders to justice. 4.Exercise the vested powers from the Philippine Constitution and pertinent laws. 5. Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law. 6. Implements pertinent laws and regulations on firearms and explosives control. 7. Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies. History Early Policing Organized policing started in 1500s when nightmen or bantayans patrolled the streets of Manila. The nightmen were under the direction of the alguacil mayor who provided them with muskets as weapons and alarm bells as their means of communication.In 1836, the Spanish colonial authorities formed the Cuadrillo, a rural police force, to enforce peace in the countryside. Six years later, its general function was assumed by the Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Publica. The Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying outlaws of the Spanish government. Native Filipinos served up to the rank of sergeant under the command of Spanish officers. It was the earlier version of mounted riflemen in the history of the Philippine police system. In 1852, the notoriously dreaded Guardia Civil took over peacekeeping duties in the islands under a Royal Decree.Guardia Civil in the provinces was composed mainly of Filipinos who worked under the jurisdiction of the alcaldes or mayors. They followed a military structure and received semi-military training yet lacked other dimensions of today’s police service. The capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the First Philippine Republic, signaled the start of the American occupation of the Philippines. Maintaining peace and order, particularly in the countryside, remained the biggest problem of the Americans. The Americans failed to subdue the followers of Aguinaldo like Gen.Macario Sakay. Hostilities continued in Batangas, Mindoro, Cebu, Bohol and Samar. A military solution to the peace and order problem was ruled, hence, the birth of the Philippine Constabulary. Pacification Campaigns To fight rampant lawlessness, the Philippine Constabulary divided the entire country into constabulary districts. Banditry was rampant in Southern Luzon. Records referred to the bandits as tulisanes. The style of fighting of the early American Constables and the bandits was â€Å"man-to-man, on foot, and generally by arms and bolos. The American foot soldiers had a hard time repelling the tulisanes in their fight in the mountains as their enemies were familiar with the terrain. Malaria and cholera were the diseases that the afflicted the American troops whenever they conducted foot patrol in the hinterlands. The Insular Force The Americans are credited for creating the Philippine Constabulary, the principal instrument of the ci vil authorities for the maintenance of peace and order. The PC began as a small unit—the Insular Force in 1901. It was set up by virtue of Organic Act No. 75, enacted by the Second Philippine Commission on July 18, 1901. The Constabulary then was composed of six thousand men led by American officers and former members of the Spanish Guardia Civil. Under close American direction and control, it functioned as a military organization. Since its formation, the Constabulary had been primarily discharging police law enforcement and public safety functions. Its officers and men had served with distinction both in the field of law enforcement and in combating violence and lawlessness, and in various aspects of public service.There was even a time in history when they performed the duties of teachers, sanitary inspectors, midwives, doctors and foresters. The Philippine Constabulary was mandated as a civilian organization on March 15, 1945 when it was placed under the general supervisi on of the Interior then later transferred to the Secretary of National Defense on March 30, 1950. The Secretary of Interior had supervision over the Constabulary as early as January 13, 1939 until the outbreak of World War II. As an insular police force, the officers of the Constabulary carried the civilian title of â€Å"inspector. Its peacekeeping duty was limited to areas where military rule had been lifted. The Constabulary At War The participation of the Constabulary in the dark years of the Second World War began upon President Roosevelt’s declaration of a state of emergency in the United States. Manila prepared for war. The word had been sent: Japan, the Axis power’s ally in Asia, would soon attack the Far East. Filipinos woke up on the morning of December 8, 1941 to the news that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor.The first war casualties of the Constabulary came from the bombing of Pan-American Airways installation at San Pedro, Maklati in the afternoon o f December 8. Six Constables from the Headquarters Company were wounded. The next days and months saw relentless Japanese bombings on the country’s landmarks, airfields and naval bases. The Death March The Japanese had taken Manila but were surprised that no defense forces were waiting to be captured. The Japanese forces then began the siege of Bataan, ordering four infantry regiments with artillery and tank support to crush the American and Filipino soldiers.The Japanese then prepared to transfer the prisoners and surrendered troops to Camp o’ Donnel in Capas, Tarlac in what has been known as the â€Å"Death March. † Because of torture and starvation, 4,326 prisoners of war died in the infamous march. The Postwar Constabulary The county was left in shambles after the Second World War. Manila was in ruins. Loose firearms and dead bodies littered the streets. This was also the period when communist ideology had been propagated in the countryside and hard-line sup porters had been won. The Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan or Hukbalahap became a force to reckon with in Central Luzon.The Hukbalahap was born in Pampanga and was spawned by a feudal land system in the province dominated by landlords. Pampanga was an â€Å"ideal ground† for the agrarian unrest. It achieved legal status during the Japanese occupation when it merged with the guerilla forces in fighting the Japanese. The communist movement, meanwhile, capitalized on the agrarian problems of the country to cement its presence. Agrarian unrest was prevalent in agricultural lands in Luzon as well as the sprawling haciendas in the south. Luis Taruc became a leader of the HMBs and founded his own government in Central Luzon.It was during this turbulent period that the Philippine Constabulary was reactivated into the Military Police Command . Faced with peace and order problems, the Military Police Command was suffering from its own internal crises. The last war had killed many Constable s. There was a dearth for trained personnel who would be utilized to address the problems. Constabulary records showed that there were about 20,000 Hukbalahaps in Luzon in 1946. The Military Police Command, on the other hand, had 23,000 informal enlistees. ReorganizationOn January 1, 1944, the Military Police Command was dissolved by virtue of Executive Order No. 94 issued by President Manuel A. Roxas. The Command’s 12,000 officers and men were absorbed by the newly reorganized Philippine Constabulary. The revitalized PC was in charge of the country’s peace and order â€Å"except those which were purely military in nature. † Brig. Gen. Mariano Castaneda became chief of the PC and instituted reforms. On June 21, 1948, President Elpidio Quirino offered general amnesty to the Huks. Taruc, who had been elected a member of Congress representing Pampanga, returned to Manila.But Taruc had no plans to surrender. He only went to Manila to collect his back salaries and us ed the money for his comrades’ operations in Central Luzon. President Ramon Magsaysay was credited for crippling the Huk movement by mobilizing the Philippine Constabulary. Magsaysay used the â€Å"friendly touch† for winning over the Huks, building roads for them and giving them lands. The Rise of the Communist Party of the Philippines The Philippine Constabulary’s attempt to maintain peace and order did not end with the decimation of the Huks.On December 26, 1968, Jose Maria Sison, a Political Science student at the University of the Philippines, founded the Communist Party of the Philippines. The communist ideology spread through a small discussion group called Kabataan Makabayan organized by Sison and his colleagues in the middle sixties. Sison then rose to become the leader of the CPP and organized the military wing of the CPP, the New People’s Army. But the communists suffered a crushing blow on January 9, 1969 in the hands of the Constabulary who k illed the most number of communist leaders in one encounter in Orani, Bataan.The PC Metropolitan Command The upsurge of mass demonstrations and violence during the latter part of the 60s and the expansion efforts of the communist movement triggered the creation of the PC Metropolitan Command. To quell the unrest, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order Number 76 on July 14, 1967 establishing the PC Metrocom which became the PC’s striking force as it was authorized to conduct 24/7 patrol in the entire Metro Manila and was tasked to â€Å"supplement or complement local police action in the repression and prevention of crimes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Martial Law and the PCThe Philippine Constabulary took on a pivotal role when President Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21,1972. Marcos mobilized the Constabulary and other major services of the military to dismantle the â€Å"unconstitutional opposition† and to prevent widespread hooliganism and gangsterism. Convinc ed that there was a need to restructure the social base that bred lawlessness, Marcos reorganized the government machinery to effect his desired changes in the social, economic and political structures. On March 21, 1974, President Ferdinand E.Marcos signed Presidential Decree 421 unifying all the police, fire and jail services in Metro Manila. The move was significant as it created an elite force, the Metropolitan Police Force, that was placed under the aegis of the PC Metrocom. The decree was also the first step in fulfilling the constitutional mandate for an integrated national police force. The Metropolitan Police Force was tasked to carry out the integration of all police units nationwide. Brigadier General Prospero A Olivas, commanding general of the Metrocom, was assigned the task of launching the pilot project under the supervision of Fidel V.Ramos and Brigadier General Cicero C. Campos, deputy Chief for police matters. General Olivas would have the power and direction over the Metrocom, including tactical, strategic movements, deployments, placements and utilization of the entire force and the training thereof. On August 8, 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 765 establishing the Integrated National Police with the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and all police officers as components. They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense.The Creation of the Philippine National Police The People’s Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution that included a provision on the PNP which was to be â€Å"national in scope and civilian in character. † In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created with the passage of Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the â€Å"Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990. † The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators Ernesto N Maceda and Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S Cojuangco Jr. nd Rodrigo Gutang. Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent a transitory period; and on 31 March 1991, President Corazon Aquino named General Cesar Nazareno as the first Director General of the Philippine National Police. On January 29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired officially and the Philippine National Police was born. Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered from birth pains.To address these concerns, Republic Act 8551 or the PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted on February 17, 1998 to amend certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975. This move was in response to the growing clamor to transform the PNP â€Å"into a more responsive, effective and relevant police organization. † Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and evolved into a highly efficient police force that is community and service-oriented and fully accountable in the performance of its act ion. PNP SEAL : Meaning And SymbolismLapu-Lapu Hero – The great Filipino hero of Mactan, the prototype of the best and most noble in Filipino manhood who is the symbol and embodiment of all the genuine attributes of leadership, courage, nationalism, self-reliance and a people-based and people powered community defense. The benevolent and heroic warrior who derived added strength from a cohesive, determined and loyal people is today a fitting symbol and a prototype as well of people power to preserve our values, customs, traditions, way of life and the rule of law thru a solidly community-based police system.Lapu-Lapu also personifies for us today civilian constitutional authority. Laurel – Green Laurel with 14 leaves, symbolizes the 14 Regional Commands. It is also a symbol of the honor, dignity and the privilege of being a member of a noble organization where the call to public service is par excellence a commitment to public trust. Shield – The symbol of the P hilippine Constabulary, the first National Police by virtue of Organic Act No. 175, enacted by the Philippine Commission on 18 July 1901.The Philippine Constabulary for the close to 90 years of service to the nation has performed with honor, professionalism and courage. The PC has carved out a large part of the glorious pages of Philippine history, as attested by its proudly and deservedly garnering 86 of the 92 â€Å"Medals of Valor† the highest honor that a grateful Filipino nation can bestow on its gallant sons in the service of the Republic. Most appropriately therefore, the Philippine Constabulary became the nucleus of the Integrated National Police in 1975 to nurture the then embryonic concept of the nationalization of the country's local police forces.Three Stars – Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao and the 1,700 islands and the territorial integrity wherein the National Police must enforce the law and maintain peace and order with professionalism, zeal and dedication in keeping with the highest ideals and traditions of service to our country and people. Service †¢ Honor †¢ Justice – Added distinct ideals for the officers, men and women of the PNP to insure efficiency, integrity, cohesiveness, camaraderie and equanimity to enhance community acceptance and support to attain its mission of peace keeping and law enforcement.Sun – Symbolize the flowering, maturing and ultimate realization of the glorious evolution of the PC/INP into a National Police Organization – â€Å"national in scope and civilian in character† – as enshrined in the 1986 Constitution. The Traditional light rays which represents the fightingest provinces whose ideals of courage and patriotism the members of the National Police must possess. Ranks Distribution The following ranks are observed in the PNP as of 2009 with the following (in descending order):[10] Commissioned officers Director General (P D/Gen. ) – General Deputy Dire ctor General (P D/DGen. ) – Lieutenant General Director (P Dir. – Major General Chief Superintendent (P C/Supt. ) – Brigadier General Senior Superintendent (P S/Supt. ) – Colonel Superintendent (P Supt. ) – Lieutenant Colonel Chief Inspector (P C/Insp. ) – Major Senior Inspector (P S/Insp. ) – Captain Inspector (P Insp. ) – Lieutenant Note: Rank in Italics is the Army equivalent. There is no Second Lieutenant rank-equivalent in the P. N. P. Non-commissioned officers Senior Police Officer IV (SPO4) – Senior Master Sergeant / Chief Master Sergeant Senior Police Officer III (SPO3) – Master Sergeant Senior Police Officer II (SPO2) – Technical Sergeant Senior Police Officer I (SPO1) – Staff SergeantPolice Officer III (PO3) – Sergeant Police Officer II (PO2) – Corporal Police Officer I (PO1) – Private First Class Note: Rank in Italics is the Army equivalent. There is no Private rank-eq uivalent in the P. N. P. (Philippine National Police) List of PNP CHIEFS #| Name| Term of Office| | | Start| End| 1| Cesar P. Nazareno[1]| 31 March 1991| 28 August 1992| 2| Raul S. Imperial[1]| 28 August 1992 (acting) 28 October 1992 (official)| 6 May 1993| 3| Umberto Rodriguez[1]| 6 May 1993| 8 July 1994| 4| Recaredo Arevalo Sarmiento II[1]| 8 July 1994| 1997| 5| Santiago L. Alino[2]| 1997| 1998| 6| Roberto T. Lastimoso[2]| 1998| 1999| 7| Edmundo L.Larozza[2]| 1999 (acting)| 1999| 8| Panfilo M. Lacson[2]| November 1999| January 2001| 9| Leandro Mendoza[2]| 16 March 2001| 2002| 10| Hermogenes E. Ebdane, Jr. [3]| July 2002| 23 August 2004| 11| Edgar B. Aglipay[3][4]| 23 August 2004| March 6, 2005| 12| Arturo Lomibao[4][5]| March 13, 2005| August 29, 2006| 13| Oscar Castelo Calderon[5][6]| August 29, 2006| October 1, 2007| 14| Avelino Ignacio Razon, Jr. [6]| October 1, 2007| September 27, 2008| 15| Jesus Ame Verzosa[7]| September 27, 2008| September 14, 2010| 16| Raul Macalalad Bacalz o| September 14, 2010| September 8, 2011| 17| Nicanor Ancheta Bartolome| September 8, 2011 | PNP Key Officers DESIGNATION| RANK| NAME| | C, PNP| PDG| NICANOR A BARTOLOME| | TDCA| PDDG| ARTURO G CACDAC JR| | | TDCO| PDDG| EMELITO T SARMIENTO| | TCDS| PDDG| ROMMEL DF HEREDIA| | IAS| PCSUPT| ALEXANDER ROLDAN| | OIC, HRAO| | PSSUPT | NESTOR M FAJURA| | | SDS| PCSUPT| BERNARDO C FLORECE JR| | C, PIO| PCSUPT| GENEROSO R CERBO JR| | ___________________| _______| _____________________| | | | | DIRECTORIAL STAFF| UNIT| DESIGNATION| RANK| NAME| DPRM| Dir, DPRM| PDIR| ELPIDIO Z DE ASIS JR| | Dep Dir, DPRM| PCSUPT| JOSE ERWIN T VILLACORTE| | Acting EX-O, DPRM| PSSUPT| NOEL G CONSTANTINO| | | | | DI| Dir, DI| PDIR| AGER P ONTOG JR| Dep Dir, DI| PCSUPT| NOEL O DELOS REYES| | EX-O, DI| PCSUPT| DIOSDADO G RAMOS| | | | | DO| Dir, DO| PDIR| SAMUEL B DICIANO| | Dep Dir, DO| PCSUPT| RICARDO C MARQUEZ| | | EX-O, DO| | VACANT| | | | | DL| Dir, DL| PDIR| ARNULFO DR PEREZ| | Dep Dir, DL| PCSUPT| RAUL BASIL IO D BOAC| | EX-O, DL| PCSUPT| PERCIVAL G BARBA| | | | | DPL| OIC Dir, DPL| PCSUPT| JESUS T GATCHALIAN| | Dep Dir, DPL| PCSUPT| JESUS T GATCHALIAN| | Acting EX-O, DPL| PSSUPT| ALLEN N FORTES| | | | | DC| Dir, DC| PDIR| ROQUE G RAMIREZ| | Dep Dir, DC| PCSUPT| DANILO S CONSTANTINO| | EX-O, DC| PCSUPT| ALEXANDER C IGNACIO| | | | | DPCR| Dir, DPCR| PDIR| LINA C SARMIENTO| OIC Dep Dir, DPCR| PCSUPT| ROLAND A VICENTE| | Acting EX-O, DPCR| PCSUPT| ROLAND A VICENTE| | | | | DIDM| OIC, DIDM| PCSUPT  | JOSE JORGE E CORPUZ| | Acting Dep Dir, DIDM| PCSUPT| JOSE JORGE E CORPUZ| | EX-O, DIDM| PCSUPT| CHRISTOPHER A LAXA| | | | | DHRDD| Dir, DHRDD| PDIR| REY L LANADA| | Dep Dir, DHRDD| PCSUPT| ISAGANI F GENABE JR| | EX-O, DHRDD| PCSUPT| RONILO V QUEBRAR| | | | | DRD| Dir, DRD| PDIR| FELIPE L ROJAS| | Dep Dir, DRD| PCSUPT| DOMINADOR E AQUINO JR| | EX-O, DRD| PCSUPT| DANILO   J ALCORIZA| | | | | DICTM| Dir, DICTM| PDIR| ANGELITO N PACIA| | Dep Dir, DICTM| | VACANT| | Acting EX-O, DICTM| PSSUPT| W ENCY T PASCUAL| | | | DIPO-NL| Acting Dir, DIPO-NL| PCSUPT| WILSON R VICTORIO| | Dep Dir, DIPO-NL| | VACANT| | Acting EX-O, DIPO-NL| PSSUPT| JAMES B BUCAYU| | | | | DIPO-SL| Acting Dir, DIPO-SL| PCSUPT| GEORGE T REGIS| | Dep Dir, DIPO-SL| PCSUPT| FEDERICO E LACISTE JR| | EX-O, DIPO-SL| PCSUPT| FIDEL G POSADAS| | | | | DIPO-VIS| Dir, DIPO-VIS| PDIR| JAIME D CALUNGSUD JR| | Dep Dir, DIPO-VIS| PCSUPT| VALIANT G DE GUZMAN| | EX-O, DIPO-VIS| PCSUPT| HENRY S RANOLA JR| | | | | DIPO-EM| D,DIPO-EM| PDIR| FELICISIMO V KHU JR| | Acting Dep Dir, DIPO-EM| PCSUPT| BIENVENIDO G LATAG| | EX-O, DIPO-EM| PCSUPT| EDGARDO C INGKING| | | | |DIPO-WM| Dir, DIPO-WM| PDIR| MANUEL R BARCENA| | Dep Dir, DIPO-WM| PCSUPT| FRANCISCO R CRISTOBAL JR| | EX-O,DIPO-WM| PCSUPT| PATERNO P HERNANDEZ| | | | | NATIONAL SUPPORT UNITS| LSS| Dir, LSS| PCSUPT| REX MILTON A DOLINO| | DDA, LSS| PSSUPT| JOSE ERNESTO E FERNANDEZ JR| | CDS, LSS| PSSUPT| MANUEL DG OBRERA| | | | | ITMS| Acting Dir, ITMS| PSSUPT| ROGELIO M DAMAZO| | Acting Deputy Director| PSSUPT| JOEL VICTOR V CANAPI| | Acting CDS, ITMS| PSSUPT| NAPOLEON C TAAS| | | | | FS| Dir, FS| PCSUPT| ROLANDO A PURUGGANAN| | Acting DDA, FS| PSSUPT| FELIXBERTO S LAGIWID| | Acting CDS, FS| PSSUPT| TED PEDRONISTO A QUIANO| | | | |HS| Acting Dir, HS| PSSUPT| MA ANGELA M VIDAL| | Deputy Director| PSSUPT| FLORENIA A ZENAROSA| | CDS, HS| PSSUPT| MARIE YVONNE S REYES| | | | | | | | | CES| Acting Dir, CES| PCSUPT| WILLIE M TOLENTINO| | DDA, CES| PSSUPT| RODEL D CALUNGSUD| | Acting CDS, CES| PSSUPT| JOB F MARASIGAN| | | | | CHS| Dir, CHS| PSSUPT| DEODY O BARRET| | DDA, CHS| PSSUPT| ELIGIO A MATIVO| | | | | LS| Dir, LS| PCSUPT| FRANCISCO A UYAMI JR| | LS| PSSUPT| ULYSSES J ABELLERA| | CDS, LS| PSSUPT| BARTOLOME C TOBIAS| | | | | HSS| Dir, HSS| PCSUPT| CARMELO E VALMORIA| | DDA, HSS| PSSUPT| ROLANDO R MACUSI| | Acting DDO, HSS| PSSUPT| RAMON C APOLINARIO| CDS, HSS| PSSUPT| TEODORO J BASA| | | | | ES| Dir, ES| PCSUPT| CRISTINO C CAMPANILLA| | DDA, ES| PSSUPT| JEROME P PAGARAGAN| | CDS, ES| PSSUPT| JOEL FELIX MATEO D RUNES IV| | | | | TS| Acting Dir, TS| PCSUPT| HENRY P LOSANES| | DDA, TS| PSSUPT| JOSE L GENTILES| | CDS, TS| PSSUPT| JOHN Q SOSITO| | | | | PRBS| Dir, PRBS| PSSUPT| VIRGIL F BOMBITA| | | DD, PRBS| PSSUPT| RICHARD A ALBANO| | | | | CLG| OIC Dir, CLG| PSSUPT| LIZA M SABONG| | DDA, CLG| PSSUPT| LIZA M SABONG| | DDO, CLG| | VACANT| | CDS, CLG| PSSUPT| EMMANUEL L ARANAS| | | | | MG| Dir, MG| PCSUPT| FRANCISCO DON C MONTENEGRO| | DDA, MG| PSSUPT| ASHER A DOLINA| DDO, MG| PSSUPT| FERDINAND P YUZON| | CDS, MG| PSSUPT| SAMUEL DG SYLIM| | | | | AVSEG| Acting Dir, ASG| PCSUPT| JESUS GORDON P DESCANZO| | DDA, ASG| PSSUPT| ARTURO M EVANGELISTA, SR| | DDO, ASG| PSSUPT| LUIS RICARDO C CHAVEZ| | Acting CDS, ASG| PSSUPT| JOSE V CARILLO| | | | | SAF| Dir, SAF| PDIR| CATALINO S CUY| | DDA, SAF| PCSUPT| GETULIO S NAPENAS| | CDS, SAF| PSSUPT| MORO VIRGILIO M LAZO| | | | | HPG| Dir, HPG| PCSUPT| LEONARDO A ESPINA| | DDA, HPG| | VACANT| | DDO, HPG| PSSU PT| PETRONIO A RETIRADO| | CDS, HPG| PSSUPT| REUBEN THEODORE C SINDAC| | | | | PCRG| D, PCRG| PCSUPT| AGRIMERO A CRUZ JR| | Acting DDA, PCRG| PSSUPT| NESTOR F QUINSAY JR| | CDS, PCRG| PSSUPT| RUSTICO V BASCUGIN| | | | | CIDG| Dir, CIDG| PDIR| SAMUEL D PAGDILAO, JR| | DDA, CIDG| PSSUPT| FEDERICO P CASTRO JR| | DDO, CIDG| PSSUPT| KEITH ERNALD L SINGIAN| | CDS, CIDG| PSSUPT| RENE D ONG| | | | | PSPG| Dir, PSPG| PCSUPT| | WILHELM E BARLIS| | | Acting DDA, PSPG| PSSUPT| DIOSDADO T VALEROSO| | Acting CDS, PSPG| PSSUPT| ROLANDO Z NANA| | | | | IG| Dir, IG| PCSUPT| CHARLES T CALIMA| | DDA, IG| PSSUPT| ABELARDO P VILLACORTA| | DDO, IG| PSSUPT| ALLEN B BANTOLO| | CDS, IG| PSSUPT| PHILIP GIL M PHILLIPPS| | | | | CSG| Dir, CSG| PDIR| GIL C MENESES| DDA, CSG| PCSUPT| NOEL LAZARUS C VARGAS| | CDS, CSG| PSSUPT| FERDINAND E SANTOS| | | | | FED| Chief, FEO| PCSUPT| RAUL D PETRASANTA| SOSIA| C, SOSIA| PCSUPT| TOMAS G RENTOY III| | | | | REGIONAL DIRECTORS AND DIRECTORIAL STAFF| NCRPO| RD, NCRPO| PDIR | ALAN LM PURISIMA| | DRDA, NCRPO| PCSUPT| SONNY Y DAVID| | DRDO, NCRPO| PCSUPT| JUANITO B VANO JR| | RCDS, NCRPO| PCSUPT  | ARAZAD P SUBONG| | | | | NPD| DD, NPD| PCSUPT| ANTONIO L DECANO| | DDDA, NPD| PSSUPT| WILSON M AMPER| | DDDO, NPD| | VACANT| | CDDS, NPD| PSSUPT| ERIC SERAFIN G REYES| | | | | EPD| DD, EPD| PCSUPT| MIGUEL DM LAUREL| | OIC DDDA, EPD| PSSUPT| ANTONIO L GUMIRAN JR| DDDO, EPD| PSSUPT| ANTONIO L GUMIRAN JR| | CDDS, EPD| PSSUPT| DANILO L MALIGALIG| | | | | MPD| DD, MPD| PCSUPT| ALEJANDRO F GUTIERREZ| | DDDA, MPD| PSSUPT| JOSEPHUS G ANGAN| | DDDO, MPD| PSSUPT| ROBERT G PO| | CDDS, MPD| PSSUPT| RONALD R ESTILLES| | | | | QCPD| DD, QCPD| PCSUPT| MARIO O DELA VEGA| | DDDA, QCPD| | VACANT| | DDDO, QCPD| PSSUPT| JOEL D PAGDILAO| | CDDS, QCPD| PSSUPT| NERI A ILAGAN| | | | | SPD| DD, SPD| PCSUPT| BENITO C ESTIPONA| | DDDA, SPD| | VACANT| | DDDO, SPD| PSSUPT| ROLANDO E ASUNCION| | Acting CDDS, SPD| PSSUPT| CONRADO S CAPA| | | | | PRO 1| RD, PRO1| PCSUPT| FRANKLIN JESUS B B UCAYU| DRDA, PRO1| PCSUPT| ROMAN A FELIX| | DRDO, PRO1| PSSUPT| MANOLITO C LABADOR| | RCDS, PRO1| PSSUPT| ALEJANDRO M VALERIO JR| | | | | PRO 2| RD, PRO2| PCSUPT| RODRIGO P DE GRACIA| | DRDA, PRO2| PCSUPT| MANUEL P PINERA| | DRDO, PRO2| PSSUPT| RUFINO JEFFREY L MANERE| | Acting RCDS, PRO2| PSSUPT| PEDRO R DANGUILAN| | | | | PRO 3| RD, PRO3| PCSUPT| EDGARDO T LADAO| | Acting DRDA, PRO3| PSSUPT| WENDY G ROSARIO| | DRDO, PRO3| PSSUPT  | NOLI G TALINO| | RCDS, PRO3| PSSUPT| AGRIPINO G JAVIER| | | | | PRO 4-A| Acting RD, PRO4-A| PCSUPT| JAMES ANDRES B MELAD| | DRDA, PRO4-A| PCSUPT| ABNER O DIMABUYU| | DRDO, PRO4-A| PSSUPT| EDWIN T ERNI| RCDS, PRO4-A| PSSUPT| RONALD V SANTOS| | | | | PRO 4-B| RD, PRO4-B| PCSUPT| ARTEMIO G HICBAN| | DRDA, PRO4-B| PCSUPT| EDGAR L LAYON| | DRDO, PRO4-B| PSSUPT| DENNIS J PENA| | Acting RCDS, PRO4-B| PSSUPT| VIRGILIO C PARROCHA| | | | | PRO 5| RD, PRO5| PCSUPT| JOSE ARNE M DELOS SANTOS| | DRDA, PRO5| PCSUPT| VICTOR P DEONA| | Acting DRDO, PRO5| PSSUPT| PANCH O ADELBERTO M HUBILLA| | RCDS, PRO5| PSSUPT| ARNOLD L ALBIS| | | | | PRO 6| RD, PRO6| PCSUPT| CIPRIANO E QUEROL JR| | Acting DRDA, PRO6| PSSUPT| MANUEL B FELIX| | DRDO, PRO6| PSSUPT| WESLEY A BARAYUGA| | OIC RCDS, PRO6| PSSUPT| ALLAN C GUISIHAN| | | | |PRO 7| RD, PRO7| PCSUPT| MARCEL P GARBO JR| | DRDA, PRO7| PCSUPT| SAMUEL M YORDAN| | DRDO, PRO7| PSSUPT| LOUIE T OPPUS| | RCDS, PRO7| PSSUPT| ORLANDO D UALAT| | | | | PRO 8| RD, PRO8| PCSUPT| ARNOLD R REVILLA| | DRDA, PRO8| PCSUPT| VICENTE A LOOT| | DRDO, PRO8| PSSUPT| EDGAR O BASBAS| | RCDS, PRO8| PSSUPT| PEPITO M PACADA| | | | | PRO 9| RD, PRO9| PCSUPT| NAPOLEON R ESTILLES| | DRDA, PRO9| PCSUPT| MARIO B YANGA| | DRDO, PRO9| PSSUPT| RAMON M OCHOTORENA| | RCDS, PRO9| PSSUPT| CORNELIO N BARRIOS| | | | | PRO 10| Acting RD, PRO10| PCSUPT| GIL J HITOSIS| | DRDA, PRO10| PCSUPT| CATALINO B RODRIGUEZ JR| DRDO, PRO10| PSSUPT| LYNDEL A DESQUITADO| | RCDS, PRO10| PSSUPT| VIRGILIO T RANES| | | | | PRO 11| RD, PRO11| PCSUPT| JAIME H MORENTE| | DR DA, PRO11| PCSUPT| ANSELMO P PINILI| | DRDO, PRO11| PSSUPT| FEDERICO L DULAY JR| | RCDS, PRO 11,| PSSUPT| PIERRE R BUCSIT| | | | | PRO 12| RD, PRO 12| PCSUPT| ALEX PAUL I MONTEAGUDO| | DRDA, PRO 12| PCSUPT| LESTER O CAMBA| | DRDO, PRO 12| PSSUPT| ROBERT R KIUNISALA| | RCDS, PRO 12| PSSUPT| ELMER C BELTEJAR| | | | | PRO 13| RD, PRO13| PCSUPT| REYNALDO S RAFAL| | Acting DRDA, PRO13| PSSUPT| MARIO O SORIANO| | DRDO, PRO13| PSSUPT| FERNANDO G SEVILLA| | RCDS, PRO13| PSSUPT| DAVID Y OMBAO| | | | PRO ARMM| RD, PRO ARMM| PCSUPT| MARIO A AVENIDO| | DRDA, PRO ARMM| PCSUPT| JOEL MA T ALVAREZ| | DRDO, PRO ARMM| PSSUPT| ALBERTO C SUPAPO| | RCDS, PRO ARMM| PSSUPT| SERGIO A DIMANDAL| | | | | PRO COR| RD, PRO COR| PCSUPT| BENJAMIN B MAGALONG| | DRDA, PRO COR| PCSUPT| ELMER R SORIA| | DRDO, PRO COR| PSSUPT| ROBERTO Q SORIANO| | RCDS, PRO COR| PSSUPT| DONATO O BACQUIAN| GENERAL QUALIFICATION FOR APPOINTMENT * A citizen of the Philippines; * A person of good moral character; * Must have passed the Ph ysical Agility Test, Neuro-Psychological Examination, General Physical and Dental Examination as well as Drug Test to e administered by the PNP for the purpose of determining physical and mental health; * Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a recognized institution of learning; * Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by NAPOLCOM; * Must have not been dishonorably discharged from military employment or dismissed for cause from any civilian position in the government; * Must have not been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving moral turpitude; * Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1. 2 m. ) in height for male and one meter and fifty-seven centimeters (1. 57 m. ) for female; * Must not weigh not more or less five kilograms (5 kgs. ) than the standard weight corresponding to his or her height, age, and sex; and * Must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor more than thirty (30) years of age upon take oath. Except for the last qualification, the above-enumerated qualifications shall be continuing in character and an absence of any one of them at any given time shall be a ground for separation or retirement from the service: Provided, that PNP members who are already in the service upon the effectively of RA 8551 shall be given at least two (2) years to obtain the minimum education qualification and one (1) year to satisfy the weight requirement. Eligibility Requirements: Civil Service Professional (CSP) PO1 Entrance Exam (NAPOLCOM ; CSC)RA 1080 (Board Passer, Med Doctor, Engineering, Teacher etc†¦ ) RA 6506 (Criminologist) PD 907 For Regular Recruitment Quota, applicants may submit his/her folder with complete documentary requirements to the Provincial Screening Committee for eventual recommendation to the PNP Regional Screening Committee. Documentary Requirements: * Personal Data Sheet (CS form 212, Revised 2005) * Birth Certificate ; Marriage Contract, ; Birth Certificate of Children * Transcr ipt of Scholastic Records ; Diploma * Eligibility * Clearances1 Piece whole Body Picture Barangay Clearance Local Police Clearance * Mayor’s Clearance * MTC/RTC/Prosecutor Clearance * NBI Clearance * DI Clearance PHQ – S2) * Good Moral Character for College/University * Medical Certifcate from Local Health Office Note: Documents must be properly authenticated by issuing office/ agency. Use ordinary BLUE Long Folder with plastic cover ; white tabbings for the application folders. Ad Hoc Screening Committee: Ad Hoc Screening Committee that shall be responsible for the widest dissemination of vacancies in the area and determination of the fitness of police applicants.The Screening Committee shall be composed as follows: a. City/Municipal Screening Committee * Members * Vice-Mayor designated as Chairman * DILG CLGOO/MLGO as Vice-Chairman * POC Member from the Academe designated as Member * City Director (for City Level)/Chief of Police (Municipal Level) and Member b. Provi ncial Screening Committee PNP Deputy Provincial Director for Administration or any PNP Senior Officer in the province designated by the Provincial Director – Chairman. Members NAPOLCOM Official to be designated by the NAPOLCOM Regional Director * Private citizen of known probity and integrity in the province to be designated by the Provincial Governor * PLEB Chairman in the locality where the selection will be undertaken * PPOC Representative to be designated by the PPOC Chairman c. Regional Screening Committee PNP Deputy – Regional Director for Administration or any PNP Senior Officer in the Regional Command designated by the PNP Regional Director – Chairman Members NAPOLCOM Senior Official in the Regional Office to be designated by the Regional Director * Private citizen of known probity and integrity in the region to be designated by the Provincial Governor of the province where the Regional Command Headquarters is situated. * PLEB Chairman in the locality wh ere the selection will be undertaken * RPOC Representative to be designated by the RPOC Chairman Additional Screening and Recruitment Committees, however, may be constituted by the PNP to facilitate expeditious and efficient processing of applications, provided the herein required membership shall be followed.Screening Procedure a. Preliminary Interview/Screening – A point system shall be applied in the assessment and evaluation of the measurable qualification standards possessed by an individual applicant. The applicant shall be interviewed personally by the Screening Committee. If the applicant qualifies, he/she shall be required to present or accomplish the following:   | Minimum Points| Maximum Points| Educational| 21 pts| 30 pts| Eligibility| 21 pts| 30 pts| Physical Agility Test| 10. 5 pts| 15 pts| Final Interview| 16 pts| 25 pts| | 68. 5 pts| 100 pts| iven for those with Masteral, LLB units, graduates with honors and with multiple eligibilities (maximum 30 points) b. Physical Agility Test (15 pts) – The Screening Committee shall require the applicant to undergo a physical agility test designed to determine whether or not he possesses the required coordination, strength and speed of movement necessary for service, as follows: Maximum Total| 100 pts| Passing Score| 75 pts| |   |   |   | A. 7 Pull ups (3 pts each) hanging (time in sec divided by 6 = pts earned)| men| 21 points|   | women|   | B. 2 min Push ups (0. 5 pt each)| men| 20 points| 1. 0 pt each)| women|   | C. 2 min Sit ups (0. 5 pt each)| men| 21 points| (1. 0 pt each)| women|   | D. 100 meter run|   | 18 points| |   |   |   | 100 Meter Runs (Sprint)| Men|   | Women| Below 13. 0 sec or less| 20 pts| Below 19 seconds|   | 13 seconds +| 18 pts| 19 seconds +|   | 14 seconds +| 16 pts| 20 seconds +| 16 pts| 15 seconds +| 14 pts| 21 seconds +| 14 pts| 16 seconds +| 12 pts| 22 seconds +| 12 pts| 17 seconds ; up| 10 pts| 23 seconds +| 10 pts| |   |   |   | 1000 Meter Runs| Men|   | women|   | 3'25† and below| 18 pts| 4'25† below| 18 pts| 3'26† – 3'46†³| 16 pts| 4'26† – 4'46†³| 16 pts| '47† – 4†² 07†³| 14 pts| 4'47† – 5†² 07†³| 14 pts| 4'08† – 4†² 28†³| 12 pts| 5'08† – 5†² 28†³| 12 pts| |   |   | | c. Psychological and/or Neuro Psychiatric Test – To exclude applicants who may be suffering from any mental disorder, the applicant shall take a psychological and/or neuro-psychiatric test to be administered by the PNP, or any duly recognized institution and meet all the requirements in paragraph (a) above. d. Character and Background Investigation – The Screening Committee shall cause an intensive investigation to be conducted on the character and background of the applicant with the end in view of etermining his character reputation and possible involvement in any questionable or criminal activities as well as his propensity toward violence or use of force. e. Physical and Mental Examination – In order to determine whether or not the applicant is in good health, free from any contagious diseases, a physical and medical examination must be conducted by the city/municipal health officer or PNP medical officer after he/she qualified for preliminary interview. f.Final interview (25 pts) – The Screening Committee shall interview the qualified applicant for suitability for police work. The interview shall aid in determining likeableness, affability, attitude towards work, outside interest, forcefulness, conversational ability, disagreeable mannerism, etc. g. Oath-Taking – After the final deliberation and through selection among the qualified applicants, the successful applications shall take their oath of Office. h. Probationary – period of at least twelve (12) months.The New PO1s must undergo the Public Safety Basic Recruit Course (PSBRC) and Field Training Program in order to attain permanent status. Appointment of PNP Officers and Members The appointment of the officers and members of the PNP shall be effected in the following manner :(a) Police Officer I to Senior Police Officer IV . – Appointed by the PNP regional director for regional personnel or by the Chief of the PNP for the national headquarters personnel and attested by the Civil Service Commission. (b) Inspector to Superintendent – Appointed by the Chief of the PNP, as recommended by their immediate superiors, attested by the Civil Service Commission;(c) Senior Superintendent to Deputy Director General . – Appointed by the President upon recommendation of the chief of the PNP, with proper endorsement by the Chairman of the Civil Service Commission and subject to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments; and(d) Director General . – Appointed by the President from among the senior officers down to the rank of chief superintendent in the service, subject to confirmation by theCommission on Appointments: Provided, That the Chief of the PNP shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed four (4) years: Provided, further, That, in times of war or other national emergency declared by Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty. Qualifications of Chief of City and Municipal Police Stations 1. No person may be appointed chief of a city police station unless he holds bachelor’s degree from a recognized institution of learning or has served in the Philippine Constabulary or in the police department of any city or municipality with the rank of captain or its equivalent therein for at least three (3) years. . No person may be appointed chief of a municipal police station unless he holds a bachelor’s degree from a recognized institution of learning or has served as officer in the Philippine Constabulary or in the police department of any city or municipality for at least two(2) years with the rank lieutenant or its equivalent: Provided, 3.That a member of the Bar with at least five (5) years experience in active law practice and who possesses the general qualifications under Section 30 of this Act shall be qualified for appointment as chief of a city or municipal police station: Provided, further, That the chief of police shall be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section 51, paragraph b), subparagraph (4) (i) of this Act. Promotions a) A member of the PNP shall not be eligible for promotion to a higher position or rankunless he has successfully passed the corresponding promotional examination given by theCommission, or the Bar or corresponding board examinations for technical services and other professions, and has satisfactorily completed an appropriate and accredited course in thePNP or equivalent training institutions. In addition, no member of the PNP shall eligible for promotion unless he has been cleared by the People's Law Enforcement Board (PLE B) of complaints proffered against him, if any. b) Special promotion may be extended to any member of the PNP for acts of conspicuouscourage and gallantry at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, or selected assuch in a nationwide search conducted by the PNP or any accredited civic organization. PNP RANKS AND INSIGNIA Police Commissioned Officer Shoulder Ranks | | | | Police Chief Superintendent General| Police Director| Police Deputy Director General| Police Director General| | | |   | Police Chief Inspector| Police Superintendent| Police Senior Superintendent|   | | |   |   |Police Inspector| Police Senior Inspector|   |   | Police Non-Commissioned Officer Sleeve Ranks | | | | Senior Police Officer I| Senior Police Officer II| Senior Police Officer III| Senior Police Officer IV| | | |   | Police Officer I| Police Officer II| Police Officer III|   | Note:  Rank in  Italics  is the Army equivalent. There is no Second Lieutenant rank-equivalent in the PNP. ADMINISTRATIVE DISCIPLINARY MACHINERY (RA 6975 – Sec 41-50) Section 41. (a) Citizen's Complaints. Any complaint by an individual person against any member of the PNP shall be brought before the following: (1) Chiefs of police, where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof for a period not exceeding fifteen (15) days; (2) Mayors of cities or municipalities, where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period of not less than sixteen (16) days but not exceeding thirty (30) days; (3) People's Law Enforcement Board, as created under Section 43 hereof, where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, suspension of forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period exceeding thirty (3 0) days; or by dismissal. The Commission shall provide in its implementing rules and regulations a scale of penalties to be imposed upon any member of the PNP under this section. (b) Internal Discipline. In dealing with minor offenses involving internal discipline found to have been committed by any regular member of their respective commands, the duly designated supervisors and equivalent officers of the PNP shall, after due notice and summary hearing, exercise disciplinary powers as follows: (1) Chiefs of police or equivalent supervisors may summarily impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to specified limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or suspension; or any of the combination of the foregoing: Provided; That, in all cases, the total period shall not exceed fifteen (15) days; (2) Provincial directors or equivalent supervisors may summarily impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to spec ified limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or suspension; or any combination of the foregoing: Provided, That, in all cases, the total period shall not exceed thirty (30) days; (3) Police regional directors or equivalent supervisors shall have the power to impose upon any member the disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the service. He may also impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to specified limits; withholding of privileges; suspension or forfeiture of salary; demotion; or any combination of the foregoing: Provided, That, in all cases, the total period shall not exceed sixty (60) days; (4) The Chief of the PNP shall have the power to impose the disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the service; suspension or forfeiture of salary; or any combination thereof for a period not exceeding one hundred eighty (180) days. (c) Exclusive Jurisdiction. A complaint or a charge filed against a PNP member shall be heard and deci ded exclusively by the disciplining authority who has acquired original jurisdiction over the case and notwithstanding the existence of concurrent jurisdiction as regards the offense: Provided, That offenses which carry higher penalties referred to a disciplining authority shall be referred to the appropriate authority which has jurisdiction over the offense. For purposes of this Act, a â€Å"minor offense† shall refer to an act or omission not involving moral turpitude, but affecting the internal discipline of the PNP, and shall include, but not limited to: (1) Simple misconduct or negligence; (2) Insubordination; (3) Frequent absences or tardiness; 4) Habitual drunkenness; and (5) Gambling prohibited by law. Section 42. Summary Dismissal Powers of the PNP Chief and Regional Directors. – The Chief of the PNP and regional directors, after due notice and summary hearings, may immediately remove or dismiss any respondent PNP member in any of the following cases: (a) When the charge is serious and the evidence of guilt is strong; (b) When the respondent is a recidivist or has been repeatedly charged and there are reasonable grounds to believe that he is guilty of the charges; and (c) When the respondent is guilty of conduct unbecoming of a police officer. Section 43. People's Law Enforcement Board (PLEB). (a) Creation and Functions. – Within thirty (30) days from the issuance of the implementing rules and regulations by the Commission, there shall be created by the sangguniang panlungsod/bayan in every city and municipality such number of People's Law Enforcement Boards (PLEBs) as may be necessary: Provided, That there shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every municipality and for each of the legislative districts in a city. The PLEB shall have jurisdiction to hear and decide citizen's complaints or cases filed before it against erring officers and members of the PNP. There shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every five hundred (500) city or mu nicipal police personnel. b) Composition and Term of Office. – The PLEB shall be composed of the following: (1) Any member of the sangguniang panlungsod/bayan chosen by his respective sanggunian; (2) Any barangay captain of the city or municipality concerned chosen by the association of barangay captains; and (3) Three (3) other members who shall be chosen by the peace and order council from among the respected members of the community known for their probity and integrity, one (1) of whom must be a member of the Bar or, in the absence thereof, a college graduate, or the principal of the central elementary school in the locality. The Chairman of the PLEB shall be elected from among its members.The term of office of the members of the PLEB shall be for a period of two (2) years from assumption of office. Such member shall hold office until his successor shall have been chosen and qualified. (c) Compensation – Membership in the PLEB is a civic duty. However, PLEB members may be paid per diem as may be determined by the city or municipal council from city or municipal funds. (d) Procedure – (1) The PLEB, by a majority vote of all its members and its Chairman shall determine whether or not the respondent officer or member of the PNP is guilty of the charge upon which the complaint is based. (2) Each case shall be decided within sixty (60) days from the time the case has been filed with the PLEB. 3) The procedures in the PLEB shall be summary in nature, conducted in accordance with due process, but without strict regard to technical rules of evidence. (4) The Commission shall issue the necessary implementing guidelines and procedures to be adopted by the PLEB, including graduated penalties which may be imposed by the PLEB. (5) The Commission may assign the present NAPOLCOM hearing officers to act as legal consultants of the PLEBs and provide, whenever necessary, legal services, assistance and advise to the PLEBs in hearing and deciding cases ag ainst officers and members of the PNP, especially those involving difficult questions of law: Provided, That these lawyers may also be assigned to investigate claims for death and disability benefits of PNP members or their heirs. e) Decisions – The decision of the PLEB shall become final and executory: Provided, That a decision involving demotion or dismissal from the service may be appealed by either party with the regional appellate board within ten (10) days from receipt of the copy of the decision. Section 44. Disciplinary Appellate Boards. – The formal administrative disciplinary machinery for the PNP shall be the National Appellate Board and the regional appellate boards. The National Appellate Board shall consist of four (4) divisions, each division composed of a Commissioner as Chairman and two (2) other members. The Board shall consider appeals from decisions of the Chief of the PNP. The National Appellate Board may conduct its hearings or sessions in Metropo litan Manila or any part of the country as it may deem necessary.There shall be at least one (1) regional appellate board per administrative region in the country to be composed of a senior officer of the regional Commission as Chairman and one (1) representative each from the PNP, and the regional peace and order council as members. It shall consider appeals from decisions of the regional directors, other officials, mayors, and the PLEBs: Provided, That the Commission may create additional regional appellate boards as the need arises. Section 45. Finality of Disciplinary Action. – The disciplinary action imposed upon a member of the PNP shall be final and executory: Provided, That a disciplinary action imposed by the regional director or by he PLEB involving demotion or dismissal from the service may be appealed to the regional appellate board within ten (10) days from receipt of the copy of the notice of decision: Provided, further, That the disciplinary action imposed by t he Chief of the PNP involving demotion or dismissal may be appealed to the National Appellate Board within ten (10) days from receipt thereof: Provided, furthermore, That the regional or National Appellate Board, as the case may be, shall decide the appeal within sixty (60) days from receipt of the notice of appeal: Provided, finally, That failure of the regional appellate board to act on the appeal within said period shall render the decision final and executory without prejudice, however, to the filing of an appeal by either party with the Secretary. Section 46. Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases. Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, criminal cases involving PNP members shall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the regular courts: Provided, That the courts-martial appointed pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1850 shall continue to try PC-INP members who have already been arraigned, to include appropriate actions thereon by the reviewing authorities pursuant to Commo nwealth Act No. 408, otherwise known as the Articles of War, as amended, and Executive Order No. 178, otherwise known as the Manual for Courts-Martial: Provided, further, That criminal cases against PC-INP members who may have not yet been arraigned upon the effectivity of this Act shall be transferred to the proper city or provincial prosecutor or municipal trial court judge. Section 47. Preventive Suspension Pending Criminal Case. Upon the filing of a complaint or information sufficient in form and substance against a member of the PNP for grave felonies where the penalty imposed by law is six (6) years and one (1) day or more, the court shall immediately suspend the accused from office until the case is terminated. Such case shall be subject to continuous trial and shall be terminated within ninety (90) days from arraignment of the accused. Section 48. Entitlement to Reinstatement and Salary. – A member of the PNP who may have been suspended from office in accordance with the provisions of this Act or who shall have been terminated or separated from office shall, upon acquittal from the charges against him, be entitled to reinstatement and to prompt payment of salary, allowances and other benefits withheld from him by reason of such suspension or termination. Section 49. Legal Assistance. –The Secretary of the Department of Justice, the Chairman of the Commission or the Chief of the PNP may authorize lawyers of their respective agencies to provide legal assistance to any member of the PNP who is facing before the prosecutor's office, the court or any competent body, a charge or charges arising from any incident which is related to the performance of his official duty: Provided, That government lawyers so authorized shall have the power to administer oaths. The Secretary of Justice, the Chairman of the Commission, and the Chief of the PNP shall jointly promulgate rules and regulations to implement the provisions of this section. Section 50. Pow er to Administer Oaths. – Officials of the Commission who are appointed by the President, as well as officers of the PNP from rank of inspector to senior superintendent, shall have the power to administer oaths on matters which are connected with the performance of their official duties.

“Love” in Carol Ann Duffy’s Valentine Essay

Many people usually see â€Å"love† only one side especially when they deeply fall in love with someone. There are a lot of poems that respond the feeling of these falling in love people about how beautiful love is. It is true that love is beautiful. On the other hand, for me sometimes love is also painful. I really like the sentence that â€Å"love is color-blind† because this sentence can show not only the positive side of love but also the negative side of love. So does Carol Ann Duffy’s Valentine. On Valentine’s day, many people will neatly prepare the present such as a red rose, a cute card, or something that extremely beautiful and worthwhile for their beloved couples but Carol Ann Duffy thinks that these presents are predictable. Carol Ann Duffy says that she will give an onion to whom she loves. Why onion? It is because an onion represents both sides of love. Love has many layers like an onion. You may waste your time for many people who are not the right one for you and will face many problems and barriers that you and your love have to fight for love before you will find â€Å"true love.† Along this way, sometimes you will be sad and cry many times like an onion when you peel it because an onion can make your tears. In contrast, you can say that the nature of an onion can refer to the levels of happiness that happiness has many levels itself. Sometimes it means comfort and memories but sometimes it means like a firework. In addition, Carol Ann Duff compares an onion to the moon too. Although the moon is wrapped in brown paper, it still has light. Like love, no matter what is going to happen, it is still light and beautiful. On the contrary, the moon is the sign of sorrow opposite of the sun. At first when you see the moon, you may consider that it is extremely beautiful but if you see it much closer, you will see it is rough. It is not so beautiful as you firstly see it from the far. It is like an onion because you will think it causes nothing until you peel it. In other word, it is like love. You cannot know that love can also hurt you whether you face it yourself. It takes time to know how painful love can be like it takes way to know how rough the moon is. Carol Ann Duffy tries to tell about the truth of love as she says â€Å"I am trying to be truthful†. You have chances to choose â€Å"to love or not to love† whether you choose â€Å"to love†, you should know that love is no t always end of happiness. It is like when you have the proposal. It is optional. You can choose to be still alone or to walk together with your love. Love will be possessive and honest as long as we walk along together or love can bring heartache if we do not get along well. If you agree the proposal, your life will be changed. If you are married, the wedding ring will stay on your left ring finger to show love between you and your love and it will stay forever if you get along well like the smell of an onion that will stick to your fingers when you peel it. But if not love can be deadly. You can get the suicide holding the knife if you are really disappointed â€Å"Its platinum loops shrink to a wedding ring, if you like. Lethal. Its scent will cling to your fingers, cling to your knife.† In my opinion, the knife also has two sides. It depends on you that you can use the knife in the useful way as the real knife can be used in your daily life. You can be a good wife with the knife because you can use knife to make amazing food for your husband. Conversely, you can also use the knife to make a tragedy scene. Therefore, you can choose your way by yourself. Love is always bitter-sweet. No one will be happy or sad about love all the time. Love has both sides itself. It can fulfill your hope or make you upset. Hence, Carol Ann Duffy’s Valentine is the poem that builds the realistic portray of love to make the reader be aware of love because love is not always beautiful, sometimes it is painful.

“Love” in Carol Ann Duffy’s Valentine Essay

Many people usually see â€Å"love† only one side especially when they deeply fall in love with someone. There are a lot of poems that respond the feeling of these falling in love people about how beautiful love is. It is true that love is beautiful. On the other hand, for me sometimes love is also painful. I really like the sentence that â€Å"love is color-blind† because this sentence can show not only the positive side of love but also the negative side of love. So does Carol Ann Duffy’s Valentine. On Valentine’s day, many people will neatly prepare the present such as a red rose, a cute card, or something that extremely beautiful and worthwhile for their beloved couples but Carol Ann Duffy thinks that these presents are predictable. Carol Ann Duffy says that she will give an onion to whom she loves. Why onion? It is because an onion represents both sides of love. Love has many layers like an onion. You may waste your time for many people who are not the right one for you and will face many problems and barriers that you and your love have to fight for love before you will find â€Å"true love.† Along this way, sometimes you will be sad and cry many times like an onion when you peel it because an onion can make your tears. In contrast, you can say that the nature of an onion can refer to the levels of happiness that happiness has many levels itself. Sometimes it means comfort and memories but sometimes it means like a firework. In addition, Carol Ann Duff compares an onion to the moon too. Although the moon is wrapped in brown paper, it still has light. Like love, no matter what is going to happen, it is still light and beautiful. On the contrary, the moon is the sign of sorrow opposite of the sun. At first when you see the moon, you may consider that it is extremely beautiful but if you see it much closer, you will see it is rough. It is not so beautiful as you firstly see it from the far. It is like an onion because you will think it causes nothing until you peel it. In other word, it is like love. You cannot know that love can also hurt you whether you face it yourself. It takes time to know how painful love can be like it takes way to know how rough the moon is. Carol Ann Duffy tries to tell about the truth of love as she says â€Å"I am trying to be truthful†. You have chances to choose â€Å"to love or not to love† whether you choose â€Å"to love†, you should know that love is no t always end of happiness. It is like when you have the proposal. It is optional. You can choose to be still alone or to walk together with your love. Love will be possessive and honest as long as we walk along together or love can bring heartache if we do not get along well. If you agree the proposal, your life will be changed. If you are married, the wedding ring will stay on your left ring finger to show love between you and your love and it will stay forever if you get along well like the smell of an onion that will stick to your fingers when you peel it. But if not love can be deadly. You can get the suicide holding the knife if you are really disappointed â€Å"Its platinum loops shrink to a wedding ring, if you like. Lethal. Its scent will cling to your fingers, cling to your knife.† In my opinion, the knife also has two sides. It depends on you that you can use the knife in the useful way as the real knife can be used in your daily life. You can be a good wife with the knife because you can use knife to make amazing food for your husband. Conversely, you can also use the knife to make a tragedy scene. Therefore, you can choose your way by yourself. Love is always bitter-sweet. No one will be happy or sad about love all the time. Love has both sides itself. It can fulfill your hope or make you upset. Hence, Carol Ann Duffy’s Valentine is the poem that builds the realistic portray of love to make the reader be aware of love because love is not always beautiful, sometimes it is painful.

Social Media And Its Impacts On Communication - 1446 Words

Social Media, and its Impacts on Communication and Interaction in our Society Introduction The introduction and the spread of the Internet have revolutionized the way individuals communicate and interact with each other. According to Van and Thomas, propagation of this medium of interaction or communication makes it unimaginable to remember that only a few decades back when people had to wait for days, weeks or even months to receive letters from their friends, relatives, or various agencies (3). Today, the internet has made communication quick and cost-effective for most of the people. The latest innovation or by-product from the web is social media. There are various social media platforms, which individuals find new friends, keep†¦show more content†¦Benefits of Social Media Social media allow persons from all over the world to remain contact and communicate with their friends, family, at the same time make new connections. As stated by Amedie, social media sites are known for allowing people to make new connections with people who share similar interests, creating new relationships, and people end up being good friends (4). In fact, people create groups that accommodate subscribers who have similar interests or life goals where they assist each other. Again, there are friends or family members who are a thousand miles away; and through the use of social sites, it is easy to often communicate with them, increasing intimacy at a reduced cost. Furthermore, social networks have encouraged the users to come up with an online persona, which establishes a personal network of friends who connect to an open worldwide community. Social media also allows the sharing of valuable information among individuals around the world. Most of the social media sites incorporate instant messaging features where people exchange or share information via the chat (Amedie 5). Apparently, people don’t need to buy or turn newspapers to stay informed on the current issues. Considerably, social media has increased the speed at which the news spread and reach out to the public all over the world. Various media houses have partnered with social platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, or Twitter to collect and shareShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Social Media On Communication827 Words   |  4 PagesImpact of Social Media on Communication Topic: Impact of social media on communication General Purpose: to inform Specific Purpose: to inform audience on how social media has changed the way we communicate with others Thesis: Social media has impacted the way we as a society use communication in our daily lives as well as in our business relationships. I. Introduction: a. Attention getter: You’re sitting at home bored and you don’t know what to do so you text your best friend to hang out. OrRead MoreSocial Media Impact On Social And Communication1231 Words   |  5 Pagesdominated by social media interactions. You are probably more likely to speak to family and friends through electronic devices rather than face-to-face. But is modern technology and social media impairing our interpersonal communication and social skills? Recent research and studies suggest demonstrate that social media negatively impacts social and communication skills. However there are ways to combat these detrimental effects. Social media will continue to be the preferred form of communication amongRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Interpersonal Communication1545 Words   |  7 Pagesmight assume that this instant gratification has negatively affected interpersonal communication, though it could be argued that technology has improved communication between adolescents and their friends as well as adolescents and their families through social media. Social media not only affects how teens interact with their friends, but it also impacts family dynamics as well by increasing connectivity and communication which fosters family closeness. Family closeness and well-being can be conceptualizedRead MoreEssay on Impact of Social Media on Communication899 Words   |  4 Pagesare used for communication. It took around one hundred years to get from the telegraph to the telephone. It was less than 50 years later that the first computer was being programmed for use. Computers evolved over the next 75 years to become a key component in how we communicate to others and to the world at large. The new computerized communication tools that are used today are known as â€Å"social media† and have many benefits as well as drawbacks. So, what is social media exactly? JoanneRead MoreSocial Media s Impact On Communication1456 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication has been permanently changed by social media. A wide conceptual definition of social media, as cited in Ressler Glazer (2010), is â€Å"The online and mobile accessible services that enable individuals to connect, collaborate, and share with others in real time.† Social media has an obvious influence on informal communication style and represents both possibility and liability for healthcare institutions. As cited in Bernhardt, Alber, Gold (2014), â€Å"Social media provide healthcare professionalsRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Contemporary Business Communication1409 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The impact of social media on contemporary business communication.† First at all we need to understand the Social media is the collective of an online Communication of Channels of dedicated to community- based system inputs, interagency, content-sharing and collaboration. The websites and the Applications of dedicated to Create a forum, a microblogging, social networking, the social bookmarking, and wikis are Among the different types of social media. Secondly, we need to know how business communicationRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Corporate Communication Strategies2463 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract This paper will explore the impact of social media on corporate communication strategies. It will examine what social media encompasses as well as an overview of social media from a historical context. Moreover, it will provide an in-depth explanation about the different types of social media. Furthermore, it will describe the steps involved in implementing a corporate social media strategy. In addition, it will delve into the influence that social media has on corporate reputation. It willRead MoreThe Impact of Social Media Marketing in Marketing Communication Opportunities: in Context of Dell3907 Words   |  16 Pages| 6 | Impact of Social Media Marketing in Dell Current Communication Process | 8 | 7. | Challenges of Social Media Marketing in the Marketing Environment | 11 | 8. | Benefits of Social Media Marketing in the Marketing Environment | 13 | 9. | Conclusion | 15 | 10. | References | 16 | 2. Abstract Social media marketing is no longer a foreign to business marketer nowadays. This paper will examine the impact of social media marketing on the marketing communication opportunitiesRead MoreSocial Media and Its Impact on Social Behavior1455 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media and its Impact on Social Behavior Social Media and its Impact on Social Behavior Introduction Social media has drastically changed how people communicate. How many people remember how it feels to hear the phone ring in the house or receive a letter in the mail? Today’s youth know nothing other than text messages, tweets, and Facebook. Social media and the social entertaining websites of today have affected social behavior in many ways. While there are many advantages to this technologicalRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Employee Performance1421 Words   |  6 Pagesoutlines the impact social media has had on business and management communication. Social media has changed so much for the world; it has connected people from all over with the click of a button. Even though social media has been a game-changer for many businesses and a vital tool for communication, it has brought along of negative outcomes. The articles I have researched demonstrate both pros and cons for the use of social media in the work and give supporting facts from their standpoint. Social med ia